Pope Leo in France

 

In 1804, when Napoleon Bonaparte forced Pope Pius VII to travel to Paris to confer some serious legitimacy to the military upstart's upcoming imperial coronation, the Pope was enthusiastically and respectfully received by crowd all along the way. Hard-line Republicans there still were  (especially among the military elite), but the general populace cheered and crowds sought the Pope's blessing, rejoicing in the restoration of religious freedom after the unprecedented assault perpetrated by the dark forces of Enlightenment during the recent revolution.

Last week, Pope Leo XIV followed in the path of Pius VII and traveled (more quickly and comfortably, of course) from Rome to the onetime "Eldest Daughter of the Church." And, once again, notwithstanding the strong lingering power and presence of the Enlightenment's dark legacy of laïcité, he was received with great enthusiasm. Like his predecessor, Leo also visited Notre Dame, although not to crown an upstart emperor but to celebrate the cathedral's recent restoration as a house of God and spiritual center of France. Then he celebrated an outdoor Mass at the Place de la Concorde.

No site could have been more symbolic. Originally, the Place Louis XV, the largest square. in Paris became the Place de la Revolution, where the Enlightenment revolutionaries implemented their famous reign of terror, in which King Louis XVI, Queen Marie Antoinette, and  many Catholic martyrs were murdered by the brutal, bloodthirsty secularist regime, which in time executed many of its own accomplices as well.

France remains still the source and summit of Enlightenment secularism and European civilizational suicide. Even so, stirrings of new life abound amid secularism's self-produced ruins. Of course, the crowds included the curious as well as the devout. Catholic ritual still exerts its enormous dramatic power to lift up emotions, even among mere observers. Yet, something is afoot in France - and elsewhere in secularized Europe - as the destructive consequences of the Revolution's legacy continue throughout the continent to turn hope into despair. Only the most hardboiled skeptical secularists seem still unable to understand why ordinary people might prefer hope over despair and be attracted to the one resource - already present in centuries of France's cancelled history - that can offer a way forward to hope instead of despair.

For centuries, the Enlightenment's dark imperatives have dominated our civilization, training us to look for fulfillment in a technological progress (that now threatens to destroy the planet and human life as we have known it) and an individual liberty (that has brought about isolation in place of family and friendship and community). As an alternative, Pope Leo, preaching at the Place de la Concorde, proposed "Jesus Christ, through his Incarnation, who comes to meet every person in the midst of his or her own story, and reveals himself as the true source of living water capable of quenching our thirst. This thirst that dwells in every human heart is not so much a thirst for material things, but a thirst for meaning, for truth and fulfilment. Jesus responds to our profound desire for relationship, for communion with God, in whom the fullness of life forever resides."

Angels and Archangels

When I was confirmed in 1957 (at the mature age of nine), I chose Michael for my confirmation name. I did not choose it to honor some relative or family friend. Rather, what impressed me most was its association with the great warrior archangel, Michael who with his angels battled against the dragon … who is called the Devil and Satan, who deceived the whole world, and who, thanks to Michael, was thrown down to the earth (Revelation 12:7-9). In those days, we regularly prayed to Saint Michael the Archangel after every Low Mass: Saint Michael the Archangel, defend us in battle. I really liked that prayer. And so for my confirmation - weak, nerdy kid that I then was - I wanted to identify with that great warrior archangel.

For centuries, Michael has been honored on this day. Hence, the traditional English name Michaelmas for today. Originally, it was a dedication feast, commemorating the consecration of a basilica dedicated to Saint Michael the Archangel on the Via Salaria near Rome in the sixth century. Coming just after the autumnal equinox, as the days are visibly darkening, it must have seemed to be a very appropriate day indeed to honor the Church’s champion against the original “Dark Lord.” Historically, in England, Wales, and Ireland, Michaelmas marked one of the four financial and academic "quarter days," when debts were paid, rents were due, and legal or university terms began. Since the calendar reform of 1969, the archangels Gabriel and Raphael (the only other angels identified with proper names in the Bible) have been folded in with Michael in one composite feast of the Archangels. (Each of them previously had a feast of his own - Gabriel on March 24, Raphael on October 24.)

Michael's name means Who is like God? Gabriel's name means God's strength, and Raphael's name means God's remedy. The Book of Daniel identifies Michael as the protecting patron of Israel. He is also patron of police. Based on his biblical role as the messenger announcing the incarnation, Gabriel is patron of the postal service. Meanwhile, based on his guiding and healing functions in the book of Tobit, Raphael is the patron of travelers and the blind.

Where would we be without the angels, both named and unnamed? Here in this beautiful church we are literally surrounded by statues, murals, and windows of angels – among them the three gilded bronze angels kneeling above the baldachin over the High Altar (photo) and the four bronze angels with outstretched arms and interlocking hands that encircle the huge globe of the sanctuary lamp. The Angel of the Moon, high up on the south wall of the sanctuary is considered one of the most notable of John La Farge’s murals. Its companion piece, The Angel of the Sun, on the north wall, was painted by William Laurel Harris (the same artist who also did the monumental mural The Crucifixion above the Church’s main entrance). Above and behind the High Altar, the central window depicts Mary Queen of Angels. On the south side of that central widow is a stained glass window of the Archangel Michael, and on the north side is one of the Archangel Raphael. The Archangel Gabriel appears in the painting above the Annunciation Altar in the south aisle. Painted figures of angels also flank that altar on either side, and angels are also depicted adoring the Blessed Sacrament in the monstrance painted about the Sacred Heart Altar in the north aisle.

Likewise, the liturgy daily reminds us of angels. At every Mass, we join in praying the Sanctus, an acclamation based on the prophet Isaiah’s vision of the angels in heaven (Isaiah 6:3-4). The Gloria’s opening words recall the hymn sung by the angels to the shepherds on the first Christmas (Luke 2:14). At Funerals, we pray May the angels lead you into Paradise. That familiar In Paradisum prayer was, of course, the basis for Horatio’s famous farewell to Hamlet, Good-night, sweet prince; And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest (Hamlet, Act V, Scene 2).

Then, there are the Guardian Angels, commemorated later this week on Friday, October 2.

It seems the angels really are everywhere – not just in pretty pictures and in the countless books found on the shelves devoted to angels in contemporary bookstores! Where would we be without them?

Homily for the feast of the Archangels Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael, Saint Paul the Apostle Church, NY, September 29, 2026.

Between Yes and No

A man had two sons.

Now that is a story that we have heard before! Perhaps the most famous of Jesus’ parables is about a man who had two sons – a younger son, cool and adventurous, who seems to get away with everything, an older son, dull and dutiful, who feels forever unloved and underappreciated.

We all know that story. This one is a little different. Here both sons change their minds. The first son refuses at first to obey his father, then changes his mind and does as asked. (in religious language, we call that change of heart, “repentance.”) The second son says “Yes,” but then refuses to do his father’s will.

The two sons are caricatures, of course. Don’t most of us, most of the time, feel a bit like a combination of both? Like King Herod, who famously liked to listen to John the Baptist and was obviously attracted by his words, but beheaded him anyway, most of us are attracted to virtue - except when we’re not. We’re all tempted at times to do what we know we shouldn’t – or not do what we know we should do.  Sometimes we resist such temptation. Sometimes we don’t. Isn’t that the story of human history? Is it any surprise the world is such a mess, because human behavior is such a moral mess?

Given a choice, Jesus seems to come down on the side of the second son. He praises the tax collectors and prostitutes - stereotypical examples of wrong behavior – who (unlike Herod and unlike some of the people in Jesus’ audience) listened to John and changed their ways and so are entering the kingdom of God.

For Jesus, clearly the kingdom of God is about change, change of mind and heart (again, what in religious language, is called repentance). We forever seem to be in the moral mess of the present, somewhere between Yes and No. But – and this is what makes the difference – we are not stuck there. We can, in Jesus’ words, change our minds and believe. We are all on different paths, sometimes for better, sometimes for worse. The point, however, is not where we are, but where we will end up.

America used to be known as the land of second chances. That may or may not be so true anymore. But, in telling us this parable about the two sons, Jesus makes clear that the Christian life still is. Jesus does not want us to focus forever on our first response, on our initial (and however often repeated) failures; but rather to do like the first son and change.

The kingdom of God is about who God wants us to become. The challenge is stay focused on who we want to be, on where we want our story to end, and so not to stay stuck in the present.

 

Homily for the 26th Sunday in Ordinary Time, Saint Paul the Apostle Church, NY.

Blessed Fulton Sheen

 

At long last, Archbishop Fulton J. Sheen (1895-1979) will finally be beatified today at The Dome at America's Center in St. Louis, Missouri, at a Mass celebrated by Luis Cardinal Antonio Tagle as the Papal Delegate, Pope Leo's representative. Beatification is the final major step before canonization. From today forward, therefore, Fulton Sheen will be addressed and referred to as "Blessed" and will have his day in the calendar when he will be venerated in certain particular places.

Originally ordained a priest of the Peoria (Illinois) Diocese in 1919, Sheen eventually went on to teach theology and philosophy from 1928 to 1950 at Washington, D.C.'s Catholic University. Before that, after finishing his studies at that same Catholic University, he had earned his Ph.D. at the Catholic University of Louvain (now Leuven) in Belgium in 1923. His doctoral dissertation was "The Spirit of Contemporary Philosophy and the Finite God". Sheen became the first American to win the Cardinal Mercier Prize for international Philosophy. 

From 1930 to 1950, he hosted a night-time radio program The Catholic Hour on NBC. His fame skyrocketed after he moved to television in 1952, where he hosted Life Is Worth Living until 1957. The program featured Bishop Sheen speaking extemporaneously before a live audience and using a blackboard. The show was in primetime and attracted a mass audience - competing with "Mr. Television" Milton Berle! (My parents watched Milton Berle, not Bishop Sheen) Finally from 1961 to 1968, he hosted the syndicated The Fulton Sheen Program. Sheen won an Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, and was featured on the cover of Time. 

As a radio and TV personality, Sheen was noted for his anti-communism (a commonplace Catholic position at the time). In the 1960s, however, he also spoke out against the Vietnam War, which cost him considerably in popularity. Along with communism, he also attacked Freudian psychoanalysis for what he saw as its materialistic premises and was a strong critic of modern therapeutic culture.

In 1950, Sheen became the National Director of the Society for the Propagation of the Faith. During his 16 years as the Propagation's director, Sheen raised millions of dollars for missionary efforts worldwide. (He also donated $10 million that he earned from his later television programs.) In 1951, Pope Pius XII appointed Sheen as an Auxiliary Bishop for New York, an office he held until 1966, when he was made Bishop of Rochester. His tenure there was challenging, and he resigned Rochester in 1969 and was made Titular Archbishop of Newport (Wales). 

In the late 1950s, the U.S. government donated millions of dollars' worth of powdered milk to the New York Archdiocese. Francis Cardinal Spellman, New York's powerful archbishop from 1939 through 1967, donated that milk to Sheen's Society for the Propagation of the Faith to distribute to the poor of the world. On at least one occasion, however, Spellman demanded that Sheen pay the Archdiocese for the donated milk. Sheen refused and took his case directly to the Pope. Supposedly, Spellman later confronted Sheen and and promised to "get even" with him. Besides being pressured to leave television,  Spellman famously canceled Sheen's annual Good Friday sermons at Saint Patrick's Cathedral, and Sheen found himself unwelcome in many New York churches, enduring a true trial and crucible of suffering at the hands of fellow churchmen. Sheen himself humbly never talked about his quarrel with Spellman.

Although my family did not watch Bishop Sheen in the 1950s, I certainly heard plenty about him and eventually saw some of his later shows. I vividly remember his TV programs on the occasion of the death of the Pope and the election of his successor. As a child, I remember reading a book, a commentary on the Mass, which featured photos of Sheen celebrating Mass in his private chapel. I only finally heard him in person, late in his life, when he came to preach at the ecumenical Sunday service in the Princeton University chapel. His impact on the U.S. Church in his time had been enormous. He can be considered one of the first televangelists and certainly pioneered the Catholic Church's engagement with modern media as a vehicle for evangelization and cultural efficacy. When Pope Saint John Paul II embraced him at Saint Patrick's Cathedral just months before his death, the Pope assured him that he had written and spoken well of the Lord and was a true son of the Church.

His cause for canonization was delayed by an unseemly tussle between the Archdiocese of New York and the Diocese of Peoria about possession of Sheen's body, which was originally interred in Saint Patrick's Cathedral in 1979. In 2016, the New York State Supreme Court ordered Sheen disinterred and returned to Peoria, a ruling reaffirmed by the Appellate Division in 2018. This enabled Peoria to continue pursuing Sheen's Cause, culminating finally in his long awaited beatification today.

On the occasion of the canonization of a 16th-century Spanish Augustinian saint, the then Augustinian Prior General, Robert F. Prevost (Pope Leo XIV), said: "On canonizing a saint, the Church does not only wish to give us a reason for joy and celebration; she wishes above all to praise the Lord, to recognize the working of his grace in the Saint, and to propose to everyone in him a model of life and of Christian commitment."

Blessed Fulton Sheen, outstanding preacher of God's word in the modern world, pray for us!

Autumn

 

Autumn arrives at precisely 8:05 p.m. tonight with the Autumn Equinox. This will be the moment when the sun is positioned directly above the equator. Daylight and night will be equal in length (hence "equinox"). After the equinox, however, the sun's position will gradually move southward. Here in the northern hemisphere, the daylight hours will grow shorter, and the night hours will grow measurably longer. Meanwhile, while summer temperatures may linger for a longer or shorter period of time, sooner or later cooler weather will prevail until by the date of the December solstice (December 21) cold winter weather will, at least normally, be firmly predominant. I eagerly look froward to the day when I will routinely require a coat to go outside! It is this intermediate season, starting warm, ending cold, gradually getting darker, that we call Autumn or Fall.

The word "Fall" highlights one of the more attractive features of this season, as the leaves of deciduous trees change in color from their chlorophyll-induced spring-summer green to bright variations of yellow, orange, and red, and then literally fall to the ground. 

The culturally promoted, elite perspective on the change of seasons is, of course to deplore all this, to lament the fading of summer and the proximate approach of winter. I dissent from all of that. In climates where there are distinct rainy and dry seasons (like the ancient Middle East), the return of rain in autumn represents a renewal of nature in a dry, weary land without water [Psalm 63:1] after the deadly dryness and heat of summer. There are places (California, for example), which (like Israel) have a Mediterranean desert climate and are dependent on the winter rainy season for sufficient water to sustain human and animal life and agricultural production for the summer dry season, when no rain is normally expected. Hence, it is no surprise that autumn is treated as the beginning of a new year in the Jewish calendar. (Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish "New Year," was celebrated 10 days ago.)

I have lived most of my life in places with predictably regular rainfall, where in most non-drought years it rains on-and-off all year long. So autumn's new beginning for me has usually been more social than meteorological - associated with the beginning of the new school year in the academic calendar, a calendar which has tended to set the tone for much of society even for those whose school years are long behind them.

When I was a student (and likewise when I was very briefly a professor) the beginning of the academic year represented for me the much anticipated resumption of normal social activities. Since this pattern likewise largely dominates American parish life, the school calendar and its autumn beginning have been a focal point for me for almost my entire life. Inevitably, September elicits in me an enthusiastic response and the promise of a new start - probably the way the annual seasonal resumption of college football plays a similar role in many more people's lives.

Nothing is ever quite so simple, of course, or so univocal. Autumn is indeed a new beginning, a bright start. But it also, for obvious reasons, has a certain end times feel about it, as the annual dying of the natural world is vividly enacted before our eyes. (That beautiful foliage is in fact dying foliage!) 

The dying of the natural world inevitably acquires more significance for those of us who are old and acutely aware that the sum of our years is seventy, or if we are strong eighty, and most of them are toil and trouble, for their quickly pass and we vanish [Psalm 90:10]. As I said one Advent some years ago, what we see is the end of the natural world, but what we feel and fear is the end of ourselves. So the same season that gives us football tailgate parties and a multitude of variations on the theme of Oktoberfest also sends sobering signals both big and small.

Both autumnal themes symbolically represented both by dead leaves refreshing autumn rains, and are united in the paradoxical language of faith. "Our weakness bears us down, but our faith bears us up. We sorrow over the human condition, but find our healing in the divine promise." [Saint Augustine, Sermon 172].